Learn how tech really works

From the first ARPANET message to the Wi-Fi in your living room: packets, addresses, names, routes, the web and the encryption that protects it.

1. 1ARPANET and the packet
2. 2TCP/IP: a network of networks
3. 3IP addresses and subnets
4. + 5 more

From Turing's imitation game to the chatbot on your phone: how machines learned to learn, why AI froze twice, and the risks it carries today.

1. 1Turing and the imitation game
2. 2Dartmouth 1956: the field gets a name
3. 3The perceptron and the first AI winter
4. + 5 more

From a 1950s checkers program to models running in production: learning from data, splitting it, scoring it, and keeping models honest once they ship.

1. 1What machine learning is
2. 2Supervised learning: features and labels
3. 3Unsupervised learning: clusters and anomalies
4. + 5 more

From Babbage's brass engines to the cloud: the ideas, machines and chips behind every CPU, RAM module and drive the exams ask you about.

1. 1Babbage's engines and Note G
2. 2Turing's machine and Bletchley Park
3. 3ENIAC and the stored program
4. + 5 more

From the first Atlantic telegraph to Starlink: the copper, glass, radio and orbits that carry every call and every packet.

1. 1The Atlantic telegraph
2. 2The telephone and the switched network
3. 3Copper today: twisted pair
4. + 5 more

Eight real incidents, from the Morris worm to Log4Shell, and the defence each one forced the industry to adopt.

1. 1The Morris worm and the birth of CERT
2. 2Kevin Mitnick and social engineering
3. 3Code Red, Slammer and the patch gap
4. + 5 more